Diagnostics of compound feeds and their components by visible and near infrared spectroscopy

Fast diagnostics of the compliance of the actual composition of concentrated compound feeds to the prescribed one is one of the topical issues of the modern market of compound feed production. The article examines the efficiency of diagnosing the compound feed by spectroscopy of visible and near infrared radiation and identifies informative spectral ranges of the fast diagnosing of compound feeds. The reflection and absorption spectra in the near infrared range weremeasured using the Foss NIRS2500 instrument (Foss, Denmark). We measured spectral absorption characteristics in the range between 0.4 and 2.5 μm of four-component mixed fodder and its components – corn stillage, rapeseed meal, beet pulp, and ground corn. It has been found that the calculated integral absorption coefficients of mixed fodder and its components in the range between 0.4 and 2.5 μm, differ and are statistically reliable. The studies have revealed influence of fractional composition of components on the accuracy of measurement of optical parameters. The incompliance of compound feeds with the prescribed formulation can be revealed by comparing the spectral characteristics of compound feeds and fiber. Comparison of absorption spectra of fiber, four-component mixed fodder and two-component mixed fodder from corn and barley revealed that the greatest difference in the absorption properties of individual components of compound feed is observed either in the short-wave range of 0.4 to 1.2 microns, or in the range above 1.65 microns. At the same time, the characteristics of α(λ) in the shortwave range are less systemic, which requires the allocation of narrower spectral intervals, for example, 0.40 to 0.54 or 1.13 to 1.22 microns. The difference in the spectral absorbing properties of various compound feeds is most evident in the short-wavelength region (λ<1.36 microns). For fiber, the greatest difference is in the area of less than 800 nm. The presented results may serve as a theoretical basis for the development and production of an optical instrument base for quality diagnostics for compliance with the prescribed formulation and component composition of concentrated compound feeds used in animal husbandry.

1. Dorokhov A.S., Belyshkina M.E. Concept of forming an innovative agro-industrial soy cluster in the Far Eastern region. Agrarnaya Rossiya. 2020;3:41-48. ( In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.30906/1999-5636-2020-3-41-48

2. Dorokhov A.S., Belyshkina M.E., Bolsheva K.K. Soy production in the Russian Federation: basic trends and development prospects. Vestnik of Ulyanovsk State Agricultural Academy. 2019;3(47):25-33. (In Russ.)

3. Morozov N.M., Kirsanov V.V., Tsench Yu.S. Historical and Analytical Assessment of Automation and Robotization for Milking Processes Agricultural Machinery and Technologies. 2023;17(1):11-18. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.22314/2073-7599-2023-17-1-11-18

4. Nikitin E.A., Belyakov M.V., Efremenkov I.Yu., Blagov D.А., Mamedova R.A., Sviridov A.S., Alipichev A.Y. Non-contact assessment of the nutritional value of feed with optical technologies. Agricultural Engineering (Moscow). 2024;26(3):51-57. https://doi.org/10.26897/2687-1149-2024-3-51-57

5. Pavkin D.Yu., Belyakov M.V., Nikitin E.A., Efremenkov I.Yu., Golyshkov I.A. Determination of the dependences of the nutritional value of corn silage and photoluminescent properties. Applied Sciences (Switzerland). 2023;13(18):10444. https://doi.org/10.3390/app131810444

6. Grabska J., Beć K.B., Huck C.W. Miniaturized Near-Infrared Spectroscopy – The Ultimate Analytical Tool in Food and Agriculture. Infrared Spectroscopy. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470027318.a9790

7. Yang Z., Han L., Wang C., Li J., Fernandez P., Juan A., Dardenne P., Baeten V. Detection of melamine in soybean meal using near-infrared microscopy imaging with pure component spectra as the evaluation criteria. Journal of Spectroscopy. 2016;2016(6). https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/5868170

8. Liu X., Han L., Veys P., Baeten V., Jiang X., Dardenne P. An overview of the legislation and light microscopy for detection of pro cessed animal proteins in feeds. Microscopy Research and Technique. 2011;74(8):735-743. https://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.20951

9. Bec K.B., Grabska J., Huck C.W. Near-infrared spectroscopy in bio-applications. Molecules. 2020;25(12):2948. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25122948

10. Chalmers J.M. Spectroscopy in process analysis (Sheffield Analytical Chemistry), England: Sheffield Academic Press; Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2000. 380 p.

11. Badaro A.T., Morimitsu F.L., Ferreira A.R., Clerici M.T.P.S., Barbin D.F. Identification of fiber added to semolina by near infrared (NIR) spectral techniques. Food Chemistry. 2019;289:195-203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.03.057

12. Du Z., Tian W., Tilley M., Wang D., Zhang G., Li Y. Quantitative assessment of wheat quality using near-infrared spectroscopy: A comprehensive review. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety. 2022;21:2956-3009. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12958

13. Bao J., Shen Y., Jin L. Determination of thermal and retrogradation properties of rice starch using near-infrared spectroscopy. Journal of Cereal Science. 2007;46(1):75-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2006.12.002